• See Also
  1. Bipolar Disorder
  2. Secondary Psychosis
  • General
  1. Consider secondary causes if outside typical ages
    1. Onset in pre-pubertal children
    2. Onset after age 40 years
  1. Alcohol Abuse
  2. Amphetamine abuse
  3. Cocaine Abuse
  4. Hallucinogen abuse
  5. Opiate Abuse
  6. Bath Salts
  7. Phencyclidine (PCP)
  1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • Causes
  • Infectious disease
  1. Neurosyphilis
  2. HSV Encephalitis
  3. Influenza
  4. Encephalitis (e.g. Arboviruses such as St. Louis Encephalitis)
  5. HIV Encephalitis
  • Causes
  • Endocrine disease
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Cushing Disease
  • Causes
  • Neurologic disease
  1. Multiple Sclerosis
  2. Huntington's Chorea
  3. Wilson Disease
  4. Head Trauma
  5. Complex Partial Seizures
  6. Cerebrovascular Accidents
  7. Migraine Headache
  8. Neoplasms (esp. diencephalic or Third Ventricle)
  1. Vitamin B12 Deficiency
  2. Folate Deficiency
  3. Niacin Deficiency
  4. Thiamine deficiency
  • Causes
  • Medications
  1. Neuropsychiatric
    1. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
    2. Heterocyclic Antidepressants
    3. Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
    4. Disulfiram (Antabuse)
    5. Levodopa
    6. Levetiracetam (Keppra)
  2. Cardiovascular
    1. Captopril
    2. Hydralazine
  3. Endocrine
    1. Bromocriptine
    2. Corticosteroids
  4. Miscellaneous
    1. Baclofen
    2. Bromide
    3. Procarbazine
    4. Yohimbine
    5. Cimetidine
    6. Isoniazid
    7. HIV Medications (including Integrase Inhibitors)
  • References
  1. Marzani (2021) Am Fam Physician 103(4): 227-39 [PubMed]
  2. Price (2012) Am Fam Physician 85(5): 483-93 [PubMed]
  3. Werder (1995) Am Fam Physician 51(5):1126-36 [PubMed]