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Cryptococcal Meningitis

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Cryptococcal Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis, Cryptococcus, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gatti

  • See Also
  1. Headache in HIV
  2. Neurologic Manifestations of HIV
  3. Focal Brain Lesion in HIV
  4. HIV Complications
  5. AIDS-Defining Illness
  6. Fungal Infection
  • Definitions
  1. Cryptococcus
    1. Cryptococci are fungal organisms
      1. Polysaccharide encapsulated
      2. Not dimorphic
    2. Cryptococcus is most commonly found in soil, decaying wood, tree hollows, bird droppings (esp. pigeons)
    3. Primarily 2 species important to human disease
      1. Cryptococcus neoformans (most common)
      2. Cryptococcus gatti (emerging)
        1. Endemic to Papua New Guinea and Northern Australia
        2. Cases first described in U.S. in 1999
  2. Cryptococcosis
    1. Fungal Infection acquired via spore inhalation
      1. Typically asymptomatic while limited to the lung
    2. Invasive Fungal Infection (esp. Meningitis) in Immunocompromised patients (esp. AIDS)
      1. Immunocompromised patients comprise at least 75% of infected patients
      2. Cryptococcus may infect up to 10% of AIDS patients (esp. prior to (HAART)
    3. Infection may occur in immunocompetent patients, but is contained without hematogenous spread
      1. However, should that patient become Immunocompromised later, reactivation may occur
  • Pathophysiology
  1. Invasive Fungal Infection in Immunocompromised patients
  2. Facultative Intracellular Organisms
  3. Most commonly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
    1. Cryptococcus gatti is less common, and may affect immunocompetent patients
  • Epidemiology
  1. Incidence
    1. United States: 2-7 cases per 1000 AIDS patients (90% are Meningitis cases, 12% case fatality rate)
    2. Worldwide: 1 Million cases annually (especially sub-Sahara Africa)
      1. Worldwide Deaths per year >600,000
      2. Responsible for 15% of AIDS related dealths worldwide
  • Risk Factors
  1. Consider in all at risk and known HIV patients with Headache
  2. Advanced HIV (AIDS)
    1. CD4 < 50 to 100 cells per mm3 or
    2. AIDS-Defining Illness
  3. Other Immunocompromised patients
    1. Diabetes Mellitus
    2. Chonic liver disease
    3. Chronic Kidney Disease
    4. Immunosuppression (e.g. longterm Corticosteroids, status-post organ transplant)
  • Symptoms
  1. Insidious onset
    1. Typically starts as occult, asymptomatic infection in 50% of cases, or non-specific symptoms
    2. Inhalation of spores results in asymptomatic lung infection, and then spreads hematogenously
    3. Typically develops over a 2 week period, ultimately manifesting as meningoencephalitis
  2. Headache (91%)
  3. Weight Loss (90%)
  4. Fever (52%)
  5. Malaise
  6. Altered Level of Consciousness or confusion
  • Signs
  1. Fever (91%)
  2. Muscle wasting (90%)
  3. Motor weakness (40%)
  4. Meningismus
  5. Cranial Nerve palsy (29%)
    1. Hearing Loss
    2. Vision Loss (Optic Neuritis related)
      1. May progress within 12 hours following onset of Optic Neuritis
  6. Organ Involvement
    1. Neurologic involvement (Meningitis) (85-90%)
    2. Lung or skin involvement (25%)
    3. Skin Ulcers
    4. Bone lesions
  • Precautions
  1. Do not rely on lack of meningismus (meningeal signs) to exclude Cryptococcal Meningitis
    1. Meningeal signs are only present in one quarter of Cryptococcal Meninigitis
  2. Best outcomes are for early diagnosis and treatment (including lowering of Intracranial Pressure)
  • Differential Diagnosis
  1. See Headache in HIV
  2. Bacterial Meningitis
  3. Toxoplasmosis
    1. Results in focal encephailitis
  4. Neurosyphilis
  5. Tuberculosis
  6. Acanthamoeba
  7. Histoplasmosis
  • Imaging
  1. CT Head
    1. Typically performed prior to Lumbar Puncture to exclude Brain Mass
    2. Lumbar Puncture is considered safe when there is no brain shift or significant space occupying lesion
  • Labs
  1. Blood Cultures positive (>75%)
  2. Serum cryptococcal Antigen
    1. Test Sensitivity: 98 to 99%
    2. Test Specificity: 94%
    3. High titer (>1024:1)
  3. CSF Exam
    1. General Findings
      1. CSF Glucose usually normal
      2. CSF Protein mildly elevated
      3. CSF White Blood Cell Count usually less than 20
    2. Diagnosis
      1. CSF Cryptococcal Antigen test (>95% Test sensitive, specific)
      2. India Ink stain usually shows organism (Test Sensitivity 60 to 80%)
        1. Cream-colored fungal colonies develop within 3-7 days on culture
        2. Yeast cells are surrounded by a halo (Polysaccharide capsule)
        3. Indicated when CSF Cryptococcal Antigen test is unavailable
    3. Increased CSF Opening Pressure
      1. Typically CSF Opening Pressure >350 mm H2O in Crytococcal Meningitis
        1. Increased pressure results from high fungal burden in CNS interfering with CSF reabsorption
      2. Differential diagnosis (other causes of increased CSF Opening Pressure in HIV)
        1. Toxoplasma Encephalitis
        2. CNS Lymphoma
        3. Tuberculous Meningitis
      3. Risk of obstructrive Hydrocephalus presenting as cognitive deficit and ataxic gait
        1. High pressure responsible for adverse sequelae
      4. Therapeutic CSF removal is indicated when opening pressure >30 mm H2O
        1. Treat with serial LPs, lumbar drain or VP Shunt
        2. Goal CSF Pressure reduction by 50% or to <20 mm H2O (normal pressure)
  • Management
  • Acute (CNS and extraneural involvement)
  1. Precautions
    1. Start empiric therapy while awaiting definitive diagnosis when Cryptococcal Meningitis is suspected
    2. Lower Intracranial Pressure as soon as possible (initially via Lumbar Puncture)
      1. Critical factor in best neurologic outcomes
      2. Goal CSF Pressure reduction by 50% or to <20 mm H2O (normal pressure)
  2. Step 1: Initial Induction Phase - Combination Antimicrobial Therapy for 2 to 8 weeks
    1. Amphotericin B (High dose) 0.7 mg/kg/day AND
    2. Flucytosine (100 mg/kg/day)
  3. Step 2: Repeat CSF with opening pressure at 2 weeks (or sooner depending on status)
    1. Obtain repeat CSF Culture
      1. If positive, then continue combination therapy (as in step 1)
      2. If negative, then may transition to Fluconazole (see step 3 below)
    2. Lower Intracranial Pressure as needed
      1. Serial Lumbar Puncture
      2. Lumbar drain
      3. VP Shunt
  4. Step 3: Maintenance Antifungal after initial induction (in step 1)
    1. Fluconazole (200 to 400 mg/day) for up to 1 year
  5. Step 4: Prophylaxis after maintenance (if indicated)
    1. Start after maintenance completed (step 3) if CD4 <100 cells/uL
    2. Relapse occurs in >80% if no suppression given (if CD4 <100 cells/uL)
    3. Fluconazole 200 mg/day
  • Management
  • Other
  1. Immunocompetent Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Crytopococcus
    1. Exclude Crytopococcal Meningitis with Lumbar Puncture first
    2. Fluconazole 400 mg daily for 6 to 12 months
  2. Avoid harmful measures
    1. Avoid Dexamethasone
      1. Associated with increased mortality
      2. Beardsley (2016) N Engl J Med 374(6): 542-4 +PMID: 26863355 [PubMed]
  • Prognosis
  1. Uniformly fatal if left untreated
  2. Overall Mortality: 12%
    1. One year mortality in U.S. approaches 20 to 30%
  • Resources
  1. Mada (2023) Cryptococcus, StatPearls, Treasure Island, FL
    1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431060/
  • References
  1. Parker and Bond (2023) Crit Dec Emerg Med 37(10): 4-9
  2. Perkins (2013) Crit Dec Emerg Med 27(3): 2-9
  3. Friedmann (1995) Arch Intern Med 155(20): 2231-7 [PubMed]
  4. Mwaba (2001) Postgrad Med J 77(814): 769-73 [PubMed]