Animal Bite

See Also

Epidemiology

Dog Bites: 4.5 Million/year in U.S. (80-90% of Animal Bites)
Cat Bites: 400,000 per year in U.S. (5-10% of Animal Bites)
Human Bites: 250,000 per year

Risk Factors
Bite site infection

Vascular compromise in affected wound
1. Peripheral Arterial Disease
2. Venous Insufficiency
3. Lymphedema
4. Longstanding Tobacco Abuse
Distal extremity wounds have diminished vascular supply (Hand bite, Foot Bite)
Bite site near a prosthetic joint
Crush injury or Puncture Wound
Cat Bite (long slender fangs risk deep space infection)
Delayed presentation
1. Arm or leg bite site >6-12 hours
2. Facial bite site >12-24 hours
Diabetes Mellitus or other immunosuppressed state

HIstory

Injury
1. Wound sites
2. Active bleeding
3. Pain
4. Weakness
5. Numbness
6. Fever or other signs of infection
Animal
1. Type of animal
2. Animal behavior (provoked attack, aggressive behavior)
3. Immunization status of animal
4. Can animal be observed (e.g. pet or captured)
5. Pre-evaluation wound management
6. Animal control or police involvement
Medical History
1. Tetanus Immunization status
2. Prior Rabies Vaccination
3. Immunocompromised status (e.g. Asplenia, Chemotherapy)

Exam

See Hand Exam
Perform thorough skin exam
1. Map bite locations
2. Record bite dimensions including depth
3. Document wound types (punctures, Lacerations, crush injuries)
Identify Pitfalls
1. Some wounds may not be initially evident (especially in younger children)
  1. Scalp and skull may hide significant injury under hair, behind ears or in skin folds
2. Retained Foreign Body
3. Infectious signs (erythema, edema, Lymphadenopathy, drainage)
4. Neurovascular injury
  1. Extremity pulses and Capillary Refill
  2. Motor and senory exam
  3. Compartment Syndrome
5. Structural injury
  1. Tendon Injury
  2. Open Fracture
  3. Joint penetration
6. Facial Injuries (esp. orbital and periorbital wounds)
  1. Risk of ocular injury
  2. Proptosis
  3. Visual changes
  4. Orbital Cellulitis (and risk of Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscess)
  5. Facial Erysipelas

Imaging

XRay affected bite site
1. Evaluate for Retained Foreign Body (esp. Avulsed Teeth)
Head Imaging (e.g. Head CT)
1. May be indicated in severe bites to the head
2. Penetrating skull bites can generate enough force for Skull Fracture (risk of CNS Infection, abscess)

Management
General

Control bleeding first
Provide analgesia and Anesthesia
1. See Pediatric Analgesic
2. Acetaminophen or Ibuprofen
3. Consider Intranasal Fentanyl in children
  1. Dose: 2 mcg/kg intranasal (1/2 in each nostril) via MAD Atomizer
4. Inject 1% Lidocaine through intact skin
Clean wounds with soap and water if not already performed at home
Copious Wound Irrigation with Normal Saline (or continous tap water irrigation under faucet)
1. Set up 1000 ml saline bag with 20 gauge angiocatheter (or 20 ml or larger syringe)
2. Place bag into BP cuff and pump up to 300 mmHg
3. Irrigate wound with 1000 cc of Normal Saline
  1. Consider irrigation with dilute Povidone-Iodine solution if the animal is suspected to be rabid
4. Do not use excessive pressure (may drive risk of infection to deeper tissues)
Wound closure
1. Indications for closure by Secondary Intention
  1. Cat Bite
  2. Human Bite
  3. Livestock bites
  4. Monkey bites
  5. Puncture Wounds
  6. Highly contaminated wounds
  7. Infected wounds
  8. Wounds older than 24 hours
  9. Crush wounds with structural injury (urgent Consultation)
  10. Distal extremity wounds with poor perfusion
  11. Immunocompromised patients
2. Indications for Sutured closure (primary closure)
  1. Wound less than 12 hours old on extremities
  2. Wounds located on face less than 24 hours old
  3. No serious underlying injury
  4. Scalp Wounds
3. Technique
  1. See Laceration Repair
  2. Debride devitalized tissue
  3. Explore wound carefully for associated injuries and foreign body
  4. Perform single layer closure
    1. Do not place deep Sutures
    2. Do not use Tissue Adhesive
Wounds near joint or bone
1. Obtain baseline XRay of puncture
2. Obtain Orthopedic Consultation
Wound exploration
1. Explore wound for tendon, joint or bone injury
2. Explore wound for foreign bodies (e.g. teeth fragments, which may break off in older animals)
  1. XRay wound if suspected Radiopaque Foreign Body
Subspecialty Referral Indications
1. Wounds near bone or joint
2. Crush wounds with structural injury (e.g. Fracture, tendon Laceration)
3. Infected wounds
4. Wounds with significant edema
5. Neurovascular injury or compromise (emergent Consultation)
6. Deep structure involvement (especially on the face, extremities, hands)
Immunization
1. Tetanus Vaccine
2. Rabies Prophylaxis
  1. See Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis for full list of indications
  2. Indicated if dog or cat with Unknown Vaccination status
    1. Unprovoked attack
    2. Animal cannot be quarantined for 10 days
      1. Do not euthanize animal prior to completion of 10 day observation
  3. Immediate wound management (see Rabies Prophylaxis)
  4. Start Vaccine within 48 hours
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
1. See Bite Wound Antibiotic Prophylaxis

Prevention

See Dog Bite

Complications

References

Cowling and House (2017) Crit Dec Emerg Med 31(5): 15-20
Shivaprakash and Vezzetti (2022) Crit Dec Emerg Med 36(2): 3-10
Ellis (2014) Am Fam Physician 90(4):239-43 [PubMed]