Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound for Volume Status

See Also

Echocardiogram
Dehydration
Congestive Heart Failure
Parasternal Long-Axis Echocardiogram View ( PLAX View)
Parasternal Short-Axis Echocardiogram View (PSAX View)
Subcostal Echocardiogram View (Subxiphoid Echocardiogram View)
Apical Four Chamber Echocardiogram View
Suprasternal Echocardiogram View
Echocardiogram in Congestive Heart Failure
Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound for Volume Status
Emergency Pericardiocentesis
Pericardial Effusion
Stress Echocardiogram
Transesophageal Echocardiogram
FAST Exam
Ultrasound
Passive Leg Raise Maneuver (PLR Maneuver)

Indications
Volume status assessment

Diagnosis
1. Volume depleted (e.g. Hemorrhagic Shock, Dehydration)
2. Volume overload (e.g. Congestive Heart Failure)
Serial monitoring of volume status (e.g. Sepsis)
1. Repeat Ultrasound measurement after each fluid bolus
Predict volume responsiveness

Views
Subcostal Longitudinal (volume status view)

Pearls to improve view window
1. View improves with the patient taking a deep inspiration
Transducer orientation
1. Transducer placed right lateral to sub-xiphoid
2. Transducer indicator pointed towards 12:00 with energy toward left atrium
Landmarks
1. Inferior vena cava
2. Right atrium
Images

Interpretation
Volume status based on IVC alone (Respirophasic IVC Variation)

Inferior vena cava (IVC) is normally 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter (measured 3 cm from right atrium)
1. IVC <1 cm in Trauma is associated with a high likelihood of Hemorrhage requiring Blood Transfusion
2. IVC <1.5 cm suggests volume depletion
3. IVC >2.5 cm suggests volume overload
Inferior vena cava (IVC) normally collapses more than 50% with inspiration or sniffing
1. Consider measuring in M-Mode
2. Caval Index = (IVC-exp diameter - IVC insp diameter) / (IVC-exp diameter) * 100
  1. Collapse <50% suggests volume overload
  2. Caval Index >50% suggests fluid responsiveness
Correlation between RA pressure (CVP) and IVC appearance
1. CVP 0-5 cm: IVC totally collapses on inspiration and is <1.5 cm in diameter
2. CVP 5-10 cm: IVC collapses >50% on inspiration and is 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter
3. CVP 11-15 cm: IVC collapses <50% on inspiration and is 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter
4. CVP 16-20 cm: IVC collapses <50% on inspiration and is >2.5 cm in diameter
5. CVP >20 cm: No change in IVC on inspiration and is >2.5 cm in diameter

Interpretation
Volume status by Caval Aorta Index

Step 1: Measure maximal internal IVC anteroposterior diameter (in M Mode)
1. Subxiphoid level in longitudinal axis
2. Measure just caudal to confluence of hepatic veins (~3 cm from right atrium)
Step 2: Measure maximal internal aorta anteroposterior diameter (in M Mode)
1. Subxiphoid region in longitudinal axis
2. Measure just to the left of the IVC
Step 3: Calculate the Caval Aorta Index as IVC/Ao
1. CVP <7 cm H2O: Caval Aorta Index of 0.72 (+/- 0.09)
2. CVP 8-12 cm H2O: Caval Aorta Index of 1.23 (+/- 0.12)
3. CVP >13 cm H2O: Caval Aorta Index of 1.59 (+/- 0.05)
Reference
1. Sridhar (2012) ISRN Emergency
  1. http://www.isrn.com/journals/em/2012/828626/cta/

Interpretation
Distensibility Index (DI)

Indication
1. Assess fluid responsiveness (expected status change following fluid bolus) in a mechanically ventilated patient
Contraindications (cases in which DI is unreliable)
1. Spontaneous respirations during Mechanical Ventilation
2. Tidal Volume <7 ml/kg Ideal Body Weight (based on gender and height)
3. Non-sinus rhythm
4. Right ventricular dysfunction
Mechanism
1. Mechanical Ventilator generates positive pressure with each breath that distends the IVC
2. Positive Pressure Ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure and decreases venous return to the right atrium
3. Inferior vena cava distends with PPV delivered breath due to resistance to right atrial filling
  1. Inferior vena cava returns to baseline diameter between ventilations
  2. Contrast with IVC collapse with spontaneous breaths (generates negative chest pressure)
Step 1: Set-up M-Mode view of Inferior vena cava (IVC) for anteroposterior diameter measurements
1. Subxiphoid level in longitudinal axis
2. Visualize inferior vena cava as it enters right atrium
3. Set M-Mode caliper marker at a point 3 cm from the right atrium along the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava
4. Measure just caudal to confluence of hepatic veins (~3 cm from right atrium)
Step 2: Obtain anteroposterior diameter measurements of IVC at maximal and minimal diameters
1. Measure maximal internal IVC anteroposterior diameter (inspiratory, Positive Pressure Ventilation phase)
2. Measure minimal internal IVC anteroposterior diameter (expiratory phase)
Step 3: Calculate Distensibility Index (DI)
1. DI = (maxIVC - minIVC) / minIVC
Step 4: Interpretation
1. Distensibility Index <18% indicates patient is not volume responsive (unlikely to benefit from fluid bolus)

Protocol
Prediction of Volume Responsiveness (predict response to IV fluid bolus)

Technique
1. Obtain initial maxium and minimum IVC measurements
2. Perform Passive Leg Raise Maneuver (PLR Maneuver)
3. Repeat maxium and minimum IVC measurements
Interpretation
1. Improved hemodynamic parameters by IVC measurement suggests volume responsiveness (benefit with fluid bolus)
Other IVC-related measures of fluid responsiveness
1. See Distensibility Index (above)
2. See Respirophasic IVC Variation (above)

Resources

Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound Video (SonoSite)
1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci9W4MvyMHI
Echocardiographer
1. http://echocardiographer.org/

References

Hallemat (2013) Crit Dec Emerg Med 27(10): 14-21