• See Also
  1. Preparticipation Physical Evaluation
  2. Pre-participation History
  3. Pre-participation Exam
  4. Pre-participation Special Circumstances
  5. Station Divided Sports Physical
  6. Sports Participation Disqualifiers
  7. Sports Contact Levels (Contact Sport or Collision Sport)
  8. Athletic Heart Syndrome
  9. Arrhythmias in Athletes
  10. Sudden Death in Athletes
  • Types
  • Dynamic Sports
  1. Example
    1. Distance Running
  2. Definition
    1. Muscle length changes with rhythmic contractions
    2. Small intramuscular forces generated
  3. Physiologic Changes
    1. Increased Stroke Volume and Oxygen Consumption
    2. Systolic Blood Pressure increases
    3. Diastolic Blood Pressure decreases
    4. Lowered peripheral resistance
  • Types
  • Static Sports
  1. Example
    1. Weight lifting
  2. Definition
    1. Large intramuscular forces generated
    2. Little change in Muscle length
  3. Physiologic change
    1. Little change in cardiovascular parameters
      1. Oxygen Consumption
      2. Stroke Volume
      3. Peripheral resistance
    2. Both systolic and diastolic Blood Pressure increase
  • Types
  • Low Static Sports (<20% of maximal voluntary contraction)
  1. Low Dynamic (<40% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Golf
    2. Billiards
    3. Bowling
    4. Cricket
    5. Curling
    6. Riflery
  2. Moderate Dynamic (40-70% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Volleyball
    2. Baseball
    3. Softball
    4. Doubles Tennis
    5. Table Tennis
    6. Fencing
  3. High Dynamic (>70% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Distance Running (>3 Km)
    2. Soccer (European Football)
    3. Classic Cross Country Skiing
    4. Singles Tennis
    5. Badminton
    6. Field Hockey
    7. Orienteering
    8. Race Walking
    9. Racquetball
    10. Squash
  • Types
  • Moderate Static Sports (20-50% of maximal voluntary contraction)
  1. Low Dynamic (<40% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Diving
    2. Archery
    3. Equestrian
    4. Motor Cross or Motorcycling
    5. Auto Racing
  2. Moderate Dynamic (40-70% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Rugby
    2. American Football
    3. Sprint Running (<800 meters)
    4. Jumping Field Events
    5. Figure skating
    6. Rodeo
    7. Surfing
    8. Synchronized swimming
  3. High Dynamic (>70% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Basketball
    2. Skate Cross Country Skiing
    3. Ice hockey
    4. Lacrosse
    5. Swimming
    6. Middle Distance Running (800-3000 meters)
    7. Team handball
  • Types
  • High Static Sports (>50% of maximal voluntary contraction)
  1. Low Dynamic (<40% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Weight lifting
    2. Gymnastics
    3. Martial arts (e.g. Karate)
    4. Throwing Field events
    5. Bobsledding or luge
    6. Sailing
    7. Sport climbing
    8. Water Skiing
    9. Weight lifting
    10. Wind Surfing
  2. Moderate Dynamic (40-70% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Wrestling
    2. Downhill Skiing
    3. Snow boarding
    4. Body building
    5. Skate Boarding
  3. High Dynamic (>70% maximal Oxygen Consumption)
    1. Boxing
    2. Cycling
    3. Rowing
    4. Canoeing
    5. Kayaking
    6. Decathalon
    7. Triathalon
    8. Speed skating
  • References
  1. Kurowski (2000) Am Fam Physician 61(9): 2683-90 [PubMed]
  2. Mirabelli (2015) Am Fam Physician 92(5): 371-6 [PubMed]
  3. Mitchell (2005) J Am Coll Cardiol 45(8):1364-7 [PubMed]