Sodium

Isovolemic Hypernatremia

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Isovolemic Hypernatremia, Hypernatremia with Normal Total Body Sodium, Euvolemic Hypernatremia

  • See Also
  1. Hypernatremia
  2. Hypervolemic Hypernatremia
  3. Hypovolemic Hypernatremia
  • Pathophysiology
  1. Decreased Total Body Water (TBW)
  2. Normal Total Body Sodium
  3. Normal Extracellular Fluid
  • Causes
  • Extra-renal Water Loss
  1. Findings
    1. Urine Osmolality increased
  2. Causes
    1. Skin losses
    2. Respiratory losses
      1. Mechanical Ventilation or Hyperventilation
    3. Iatrogenic Example of excess Sodium administration
      1. Febrile, tachypneic patient
      2. Hypotonic insensible loss replaced with 0.9% saline
    4. Rhabdomyolysis
      1. Damaged cells extract water from ECF
    5. Sickle Cell Anemia
  • Causes
  • Renal Water Loss
  1. Central Diabetes Insipidus
    1. Secondary to CNS injury
    2. Desmopressin results in return of urinary concentrating function
  2. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
    1. Desmopressin does not result in improvement of urinary concentrating function
    2. Results from nephrotoxic medications (e.g. Amphotericin, Lithium, Demeclocycline)
  • Management
  1. Mild to moderate Hypernatremia
    1. Increase free water intake
  2. Sodium correction (moderate to severe Hypernatremia)
    1. Calculate Free Water Deficit
    2. Replace Free Water Deficit with D5W over 48 hours
      1. Chronic Hypernatremia (>48 hours) should be replaced slowly (esp. in under age 30-40 years)
      2. Limit Serum Sodium reduction to 12 mEq/L per day
    3. Correction rate
      1. Acute: 1 mEq/hour
      2. Chronic: 0.5 mEq/hour (do not decrease Sodium >8-10 mEq in 24 hours)
    4. Monitor Electrolytes closely while administering D5W
      1. Serum Sodium
      2. Serum Osmolality
        1. Do not decrease faster than 1-2 mOsm/kg water/hour
    5. Delivery
      1. Enteral water sources are preferred (e.g. Feeding Tube)
      2. D5W is an alternative (avoid 1/2NS due to risk of volume overload)
  • References
  1. Braun (2015) Am Fam Physician 91(5): 299-307 [PubMed]