- Screening Test
- Contingency Grid or Cross Tab (includes Statistics Example)
- Bayes Theorem (Bayesian Statistics)
- Fagan Nomogram
- Experimental Error (Experimental Bias)
- Lead-Time Bias
- Selection Bias
- Likelihood Ratio (Positive Likelihood Ratio, Negative Likelihood Ratio)
- Number Needed to Screen (Number Needed to Treat, Absolute Risk Reduction, Relative Risk Reduction)
- Negative Predictive Value
- Positive Predictive Value
- Pre-Test Odds or Post-Test Odds
- Receiver Operating Characteristic
- Test Sensitivity (False Negative Rate)
- Test Specificity (False Positive Rate)
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
- Screening over-represents less aggressive disease
- Aggressive disease has a short asymptomatic period
- Screening is unlikely to detect these patients early
- Clinical diagnosis will identify by symptoms
- Over-represented in clinical diagnosis cohort
- Less aggressive disease has longer asymptomatic period
- Disease often detected by screening
- Over-represented in screening cohort
- Screening program falsely appears to improve survival
- Less aggressive disease common in screening group
- Screening cohort has a better prognosis by definition