- Screening Test
- Contingency Grid or Cross Tab (includes Statistics Example)
- Bayes Theorem (Bayesian Statistics)
- Fagan Nomogram
- Experimental Error (Experimental Bias)
- Length Bias
- Selection Bias
- Likelihood Ratio (Positive Likelihood Ratio, Negative Likelihood Ratio)
- Number Needed to Screen (Number Needed to Treat, Absolute Risk Reduction, Relative Risk Reduction)
- Negative Predictive Value
- Positive Predictive Value
- Pre-Test Odds or Post-Test Odds
- Receiver Operating Characteristic
- Test Sensitivity (False Negative Rate)
- Test Specificity (False Positive Rate)
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
- Early diagnosis falsely appears to prolong survival
- Disease 'A' is 100% fatal
- Disease 'A' lasts 7 years from onset to death
- Disease 'A' patients are asymptomatic for 4 years
- Disease 'A' median survival 3 years after diagnosis
-
Screening Test can identify Disease 'A' early
- Detection occurs 2 years before clinical diagnosis
- Disease 'A' still lasts 7 years before death
- Disease 'A' is now asymptomatic for 2 years
- Disease 'A' median survival 5 years after diagnosis
-
Screening Test falsely appears to prolong survival
- Screened and unscreened patients each survive 7 years
- Screened patients know diagnosis 2 years earlier