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Osteomyelitis Causes

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Osteomyelitis Causes

  • See Also
  1. Osteomyelitis
  2. Osteomyelitis Management
  1. All Ages
    1. Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults and children
  2. Age under 4 months
    1. Group B Streptococcus
    2. Staphylococcus Aureus
    3. Escherichia coli
  3. Age 4 months to 4 years old
    1. Staphylococcus Aureus
    2. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
    3. Streptococcus Pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
    4. Haemophilus Influenzae was previously common prior to being part of primary Immunization series
    5. Kingella kingae
  4. Age 4 to 16 years
    1. Staphylococcus Aureus
    2. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
    3. Streptococcus Pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
  5. Age over 16 years and adults
    1. Staphylococcus Aureus
      1. Most common
      2. MRSA accounts for one third of staphylococcal infections
  1. Staphylococcus Aureus
  2. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (esp. Staphylococcus Epidermidis)
  3. Gram Negative Bacilli
  4. Streptococcus species
  5. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
  1. Staphylococcus Aureus
  2. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
  3. Enterobacteriaceae (Serratia Marcescens, Escherichia coli)
  4. Streptococcal species
  5. Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)
    1. Autoinflammatory, non-infectious recurrent bone inflammation in children
    2. Affects long bones, Vertebrae and clavicles
    3. Presents with mild or absent systemic symptoms and sterile biopsies
  1. Foreign Body
    1. Propionibacterium
    2. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus
  2. Nosocomial Infection
    1. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
    2. Enterobacteriaceae
  3. Human or Animal Bites or fist injuries to mouth
    1. Streptococcus
    2. Anaerobic Bacteria
    3. Pasteurella Multocida
    4. Eikenella corrodens
  4. Endemic infection exposure
    1. Brucella
    2. Coxiella Burnetii (Q Fever)
  1. Diabetes Mellitus (polymicrobial)
    1. Streptococcus
    2. Enterococcus
    3. Anaerobic Bacteria
  2. Sickle Cell Anemia
    1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
    2. Salmonella
  3. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
    1. Bartonella Henselae
    2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  4. Immunocompromised conditions
    1. Aspergillus
    2. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
    3. Candida albicans (most cases are surprisingly in immunocompetent patients)
      1. Gamaletsou (2012) Clin Infect Dis 55(10):1338-51 +PMID:22911646 [PubMed]
  5. IV Drug Abuse
    1. Polymicrobial infection in 46%
    2. Staphylococcus Aureus (52%)
    3. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (20%)
    4. Gram-negative organisms (19%)
    5. Anaerobes (19%)
    6. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (7%)
    7. Serratia Marcescens
    8. Allison (2010) Clin Orthop Relat Res 468(8): 2107–12 +PMID:20174899 [PubMed]
  • References
  1. (2019) Sanford Guide, accessed On IOS 10/26/2019
  2. Hatzenbuehler (2011) Am Fam Physician 84(9): 1027-33 [PubMed]
  3. Boutin (1998) Orthop Clin North Am 29:41-66 [PubMed]
  4. Bury (2021) Am Fam Physician 104(4): 395-402 [PubMed]
  5. Carek (2001) Am Fam Physician 63(12):2413-20 [PubMed]
  6. Dirschl (1993) Drugs 45:29-43 [PubMed]
  7. Eckman (1995) JAMA 273:712-20 [PubMed]
  8. Haas (1996) Am J Med 101:550-61 [PubMed]
  9. Lew (1997) N Engl J Med 336:999-1007 [PubMed]
  10. Lipsky (1997) Clin Infect Dis 25:1318-26 [PubMed]